Publications
35) Johnson C.L., Ressel M.W., Ruprecht P., Valli F. Time-Space Development of the Eocene Phoenix-Fortitude Reduced Au (Cu) Skarn, Battle Mountain District, Nevada: Insights into the Porphyry-Carlin Transition. In Revisions.
34) Johnson C.L., Ressel M.W., Ruprecht P. Origin of Gold-rich Provinces in Magmatic Arcs and the Link to Giant Carlin-type Deposits. In Revisions.
33) Phelps P.R., Gonnermann H.M., Winslow H., Ruprecht P., Liao Y., Delgado F., Pritchard M.E. (2023) Feasibility of melt segregation from a crystal mush in response to the 2011-12 eruption at Cordón Caulle, Chile. In press at Geophysical Journal International, doi.org: 10.1093/gji/ggad259
32) Welsch B., First, E. Ruprecht P., Jollands M.C. (2023) Olivine – The little green science machine. In press at Elements Magazine 19(3)
31) Ruprecht P., Welsch B. (2023) Olivine exit interviews - Piecing together magmatic puzzles. In press at Elements Magazine 19(3)
30) Crozier J., Tramontano S., Forte P., Oliva S.J.C., Gonnermann H.M., Lev E., Manga M., Myers M., Rader E., Ruprecht P., Tuffen H., Paisley R., Houghton B.F., Shea T., Schipper I., Castro J.M. (2022) Outgassing through magmatic fractures enables effusive eruption of silicic magma. J. of Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 430, 107617, doi.org: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107617
29) Winslow H., Ruprecht P., Gonnermann H., Phelps P., Muñoz-Saez C., Delgado F., Pritchard M., Amigo A. (2022) Insights for crystal mush storage utilizing mafic enclaves from the 2011-12 Cordón Caulle eruption. Scientific Reports 12, 9734. doi.org: 10.1038/s41598-022-13305-y
28) Mao Y.J., Schoneveld L., Barnes S.J., Williams M.J., Su B.X., Ruprecht P., Evans N.J., Qin K.Z. (2022) Coupled Li-P zoning and trace elements of olivine from magmatic Ni-Cu deposits: implications for postcumulus re-equilibration in olivine. Journal of Petrology 63(3): egac018, doi.org: 10.1093/petrology/egac018
27) Cassidy M., Iveson A., Humphreys M.C.S., Mather T., Helo C., Castro J., Ruprecht P., Pyle D., EIMF. (2021) Experimentally-derived F, Cl and Br fluid/melt partitioning of intermediate to silicic melts in magmatic systems. American Mineralogist, in press. doi.org: 10.2138/am-2022-8109
26) Ali G., Lin K., Hemming S., Cox S., Ruprecht P., Zimmerman S., Stine S., Wang X. (2022) Emergence of Wet Conditions in the Mono Basin of the Western US Coincident with Inception of the Last Glaciation. Geological Society of America Bulletin 134(9-10), 2267-2279. doi.org: 10.1130/B36084.1
25) Salas P., Ruprecht P., Hernández L., Rabbia O. (2021) Out-of-sequence skeletal growth causing oscillatory zoning in arc olivines. Nature Communications 12, 4069. doi.org: 10.1038/s41467-021-24275-6
24) Huggins E.G., Ruprecht P., Ghiorso M. (2021) Using chemical affinities to understand disequilibrium textures of plagioclase preserved in magmatic systems. Geophysical Research Letters 48(10): e2021GL092884, doi.org: 10.1029/2021GL092884
23) First E., Hammer J., Ruprecht P., Rutherford M. (2021) Experimental constraints on dacite magma storage beneath Volcán Quizapu, Chile. Journal of Petrology 62(5), egab027, doi.org: 10.1093/petrology/egab027
22) Wei S.S., Ruprecht P., Gable S.L., Huggins E.G., Ruppert N., Gao L., Zhang H. (2021) Along-strike variations of intermediate-depth seismicity and arc magmatism along the Alaska Peninsula. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 563: 116878, doi.org: 10.1016/j.epsl.2021.116878
21) Goltz A., Krawczynski M., Gavrilenko M., Gorbach N., Ruprecht P. (2020) Evidence for Superhydrous Primitive Arc Magmas from Mafic Enclaves at Shiveluch Volcano, Kamchatka. Contributions in Mineralogy and Petrology 175: 115, doi.org: 10.1007/s00410-020-01746-5
20) Winslow H., Ruprecht P., Stelten M., Amigo A. (2020) Evidence for primitive magma storage and eruption following prolonged equilibration in thickened crust. Bulletin of Volcanology 82: 69, doi.org: 10.1007/s00445-020-01406-3
19) Ruprecht P., Simon A.C., Fiege A. (2020) The survival of mafic magmatic enclaves and the timing of magma recharge. Geophysical Research Letters 47(14): e2020GL087186, doi.org: 10.1029/2020GL087186
18) Johnson C., Ressel M., Ruprecht P. (2020) Toward a Global Carlin-type Exploration Model: The Relationship Between Eocene Magmatism and Diverse Gold-rich Deposits in the Great Basin, USA. In Koutz, F.R. and Pennell, W.M., eds., Vision for Discovery: Geological Society of Nevada Symposium Proceedings, 355-382.
17) Walowski K.J., Wallace P.J., Cashman K.V., Clynne M.A., Marks J.K., Ruprecht P. (2019) Understanding melt evolution and eruption dynamics of the 1666 C.E. eruption of Cinder Cone, Lassen Volcanic National Park, California: Insights from olivine-hosted melt inclusions. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 387: 106665, doi.org: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.106665.
16) Lev E., Ruprecht P., Oppenheimer C., Peters N., Patrick M., Hernández P., Spampinato L., Marlow J. (2019) A global synthesis of lava lake dynamics. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 381: 16-31, doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.04.010.
15) Gavrilenko M., Krawczynski M., Ruprecht P., Li W., Catalano J. (2019) The quench control of water budgets in convergent margin magmas. American Mineralogist 104: 936-948, doi: 10.2138/am-2019-6735
14) Oeser M., Ruprecht P., Weyer S. (2018) Combined Fe-Mg chemical and isotopic zoning in olivine constraining magma mixing-to-eruption timescales for the continental arc volcano Irazú (Costa Rica) and Cr diffusion in olivine. American Mineralogist 103: 582-599, doi: 10.2138/am-2018-6258
13) Fiege, A., Ruprecht, P., Simon, A. (2017) A magma mixing redox trap that moderates mass transfer of sulfur and metals. Geochemical Perspectives Letters 3: 190-200, doi: 10.7185/geochemlet.1722
12) Fiege A., Ruprecht P., Simon A., Bell A., Göttlicher J., Newville M., Lanzirotti T., Moore G. (2017) Calibration of Fe-XANES for high-precision determination of Fe oxidation state in glasses: Comparison of results obtained at different synchrotron radiation sources. American Mineralogist 102: 369-380, doi: 10.2138/am-2017-5822
11) Salas P.A., Rabbia O.M., Hernandez L.B., Ruprecht P. (2017) Mafic monogenetic vents at the Descabezado Grande volcanic field (35.5°S–70.8°W): the northernmost evidence of regional primitive volcanism in the Southern Volcanic Zone of Chile International Journal of Earth Sciences 106: 1107–1121, doi:10.1007/s00531-016-1357-5
10) Lloyd A.S., Ferriss E., Ruprecht P., Hauri E., Jicha B., Plank T. (2016) An assessment of clinopyroxene as a recorder of magma ascent. Journal of Petrology 57: 1865-1886, doi: 10.1093/petrology/egw058
9) Ferguson D.J., Gonnermann H., Ruprecht P., Plank T., Hauri E., Houghton B., Swanson D. (2016) Magma decompression rates during explosive eruptions of Kīlauea volcano, Hawaii. Bulletin of Volcanology 78: 71. doi: 10.1007/s00445-016-1064-x (Bull Volcanol-Most cited paper award 2018)
8) Lloyd A., Ruprecht P., Hauri E., Rose W., Gonnermann H., Plank T. (2014) NanoSIMS results from olivine-hosted melt embayments: Magma ascent rate during explosive basaltic eruptions. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 283: 1-18, doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.06.002
7) Ruprecht P., Plank T. (2013) Feeding andesitic eruptions with a high-speed connection from the mantle. Nature 500: 68-72, doi: 10.1038/nature12342
6) Lloyd A., Plank T., Ruprecht P., Hauri E., Rose W. (2013) Volatile Loss from Melt Inclusions in Pyroclasts of Differing Sizes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 165: 129-153, doi:10.1007/s00410-012-0800-2
5) Ruprecht P., Cooper K. (2012) Integrating the Uranium-Series and Elemental Diffusion Geochronometers in Mixed Magmas from Volcán Quizapu, Central Chile. Journal of Petrology 53: 841-871, doi:10.1093/petrology/EGS001
4) Ruprecht P., Bergantz G., Cooper K., Hildreth W. (2012) The crustal magma storage system of Volcán Quizapu, Chile, and the effects of magma mixing on magma diversity. Journal of Petrology 53: 801-840, doi:10.1093/petrology/EGS002
3) Ruprecht P., Bachmann O. (2010). Pre-eruptive reheating during magma mixing at Quizapu volcano and the implications for the explosiveness of silicic arc volcanoes. Geology 38: 919-922, doi: 10.1130/G31110.1 (Erratum: Ruprecht P., Bachmann O. (2011) Geology 39: 742-742)
2) Ruprecht P., Bergantz G., Dufek J. (2008). Modeling of Gas-Driven Magmatic Overturn: Tracking of Phenocryst Dispersal and Gathering During Magma Mixing. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 9: Q07017, doi:10.1029/2008GC002022
1) Ruprecht P., Wörner G. (2007). Variable regimes in magma systems documented in plagioclase zoning patterns: El Misti stratovolcano and Andahua monogenetic cones. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 165: 142-162
Student group members; Post-doctoral group members
34) Johnson C.L., Ressel M.W., Ruprecht P. Origin of Gold-rich Provinces in Magmatic Arcs and the Link to Giant Carlin-type Deposits. In Revisions.
33) Phelps P.R., Gonnermann H.M., Winslow H., Ruprecht P., Liao Y., Delgado F., Pritchard M.E. (2023) Feasibility of melt segregation from a crystal mush in response to the 2011-12 eruption at Cordón Caulle, Chile. In press at Geophysical Journal International, doi.org: 10.1093/gji/ggad259
32) Welsch B., First, E. Ruprecht P., Jollands M.C. (2023) Olivine – The little green science machine. In press at Elements Magazine 19(3)
31) Ruprecht P., Welsch B. (2023) Olivine exit interviews - Piecing together magmatic puzzles. In press at Elements Magazine 19(3)
30) Crozier J., Tramontano S., Forte P., Oliva S.J.C., Gonnermann H.M., Lev E., Manga M., Myers M., Rader E., Ruprecht P., Tuffen H., Paisley R., Houghton B.F., Shea T., Schipper I., Castro J.M. (2022) Outgassing through magmatic fractures enables effusive eruption of silicic magma. J. of Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 430, 107617, doi.org: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107617
29) Winslow H., Ruprecht P., Gonnermann H., Phelps P., Muñoz-Saez C., Delgado F., Pritchard M., Amigo A. (2022) Insights for crystal mush storage utilizing mafic enclaves from the 2011-12 Cordón Caulle eruption. Scientific Reports 12, 9734. doi.org: 10.1038/s41598-022-13305-y
28) Mao Y.J., Schoneveld L., Barnes S.J., Williams M.J., Su B.X., Ruprecht P., Evans N.J., Qin K.Z. (2022) Coupled Li-P zoning and trace elements of olivine from magmatic Ni-Cu deposits: implications for postcumulus re-equilibration in olivine. Journal of Petrology 63(3): egac018, doi.org: 10.1093/petrology/egac018
27) Cassidy M., Iveson A., Humphreys M.C.S., Mather T., Helo C., Castro J., Ruprecht P., Pyle D., EIMF. (2021) Experimentally-derived F, Cl and Br fluid/melt partitioning of intermediate to silicic melts in magmatic systems. American Mineralogist, in press. doi.org: 10.2138/am-2022-8109
26) Ali G., Lin K., Hemming S., Cox S., Ruprecht P., Zimmerman S., Stine S., Wang X. (2022) Emergence of Wet Conditions in the Mono Basin of the Western US Coincident with Inception of the Last Glaciation. Geological Society of America Bulletin 134(9-10), 2267-2279. doi.org: 10.1130/B36084.1
25) Salas P., Ruprecht P., Hernández L., Rabbia O. (2021) Out-of-sequence skeletal growth causing oscillatory zoning in arc olivines. Nature Communications 12, 4069. doi.org: 10.1038/s41467-021-24275-6
24) Huggins E.G., Ruprecht P., Ghiorso M. (2021) Using chemical affinities to understand disequilibrium textures of plagioclase preserved in magmatic systems. Geophysical Research Letters 48(10): e2021GL092884, doi.org: 10.1029/2021GL092884
23) First E., Hammer J., Ruprecht P., Rutherford M. (2021) Experimental constraints on dacite magma storage beneath Volcán Quizapu, Chile. Journal of Petrology 62(5), egab027, doi.org: 10.1093/petrology/egab027
22) Wei S.S., Ruprecht P., Gable S.L., Huggins E.G., Ruppert N., Gao L., Zhang H. (2021) Along-strike variations of intermediate-depth seismicity and arc magmatism along the Alaska Peninsula. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 563: 116878, doi.org: 10.1016/j.epsl.2021.116878
21) Goltz A., Krawczynski M., Gavrilenko M., Gorbach N., Ruprecht P. (2020) Evidence for Superhydrous Primitive Arc Magmas from Mafic Enclaves at Shiveluch Volcano, Kamchatka. Contributions in Mineralogy and Petrology 175: 115, doi.org: 10.1007/s00410-020-01746-5
20) Winslow H., Ruprecht P., Stelten M., Amigo A. (2020) Evidence for primitive magma storage and eruption following prolonged equilibration in thickened crust. Bulletin of Volcanology 82: 69, doi.org: 10.1007/s00445-020-01406-3
19) Ruprecht P., Simon A.C., Fiege A. (2020) The survival of mafic magmatic enclaves and the timing of magma recharge. Geophysical Research Letters 47(14): e2020GL087186, doi.org: 10.1029/2020GL087186
18) Johnson C., Ressel M., Ruprecht P. (2020) Toward a Global Carlin-type Exploration Model: The Relationship Between Eocene Magmatism and Diverse Gold-rich Deposits in the Great Basin, USA. In Koutz, F.R. and Pennell, W.M., eds., Vision for Discovery: Geological Society of Nevada Symposium Proceedings, 355-382.
17) Walowski K.J., Wallace P.J., Cashman K.V., Clynne M.A., Marks J.K., Ruprecht P. (2019) Understanding melt evolution and eruption dynamics of the 1666 C.E. eruption of Cinder Cone, Lassen Volcanic National Park, California: Insights from olivine-hosted melt inclusions. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 387: 106665, doi.org: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.106665.
16) Lev E., Ruprecht P., Oppenheimer C., Peters N., Patrick M., Hernández P., Spampinato L., Marlow J. (2019) A global synthesis of lava lake dynamics. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 381: 16-31, doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.04.010.
15) Gavrilenko M., Krawczynski M., Ruprecht P., Li W., Catalano J. (2019) The quench control of water budgets in convergent margin magmas. American Mineralogist 104: 936-948, doi: 10.2138/am-2019-6735
14) Oeser M., Ruprecht P., Weyer S. (2018) Combined Fe-Mg chemical and isotopic zoning in olivine constraining magma mixing-to-eruption timescales for the continental arc volcano Irazú (Costa Rica) and Cr diffusion in olivine. American Mineralogist 103: 582-599, doi: 10.2138/am-2018-6258
13) Fiege, A., Ruprecht, P., Simon, A. (2017) A magma mixing redox trap that moderates mass transfer of sulfur and metals. Geochemical Perspectives Letters 3: 190-200, doi: 10.7185/geochemlet.1722
12) Fiege A., Ruprecht P., Simon A., Bell A., Göttlicher J., Newville M., Lanzirotti T., Moore G. (2017) Calibration of Fe-XANES for high-precision determination of Fe oxidation state in glasses: Comparison of results obtained at different synchrotron radiation sources. American Mineralogist 102: 369-380, doi: 10.2138/am-2017-5822
11) Salas P.A., Rabbia O.M., Hernandez L.B., Ruprecht P. (2017) Mafic monogenetic vents at the Descabezado Grande volcanic field (35.5°S–70.8°W): the northernmost evidence of regional primitive volcanism in the Southern Volcanic Zone of Chile International Journal of Earth Sciences 106: 1107–1121, doi:10.1007/s00531-016-1357-5
10) Lloyd A.S., Ferriss E., Ruprecht P., Hauri E., Jicha B., Plank T. (2016) An assessment of clinopyroxene as a recorder of magma ascent. Journal of Petrology 57: 1865-1886, doi: 10.1093/petrology/egw058
9) Ferguson D.J., Gonnermann H., Ruprecht P., Plank T., Hauri E., Houghton B., Swanson D. (2016) Magma decompression rates during explosive eruptions of Kīlauea volcano, Hawaii. Bulletin of Volcanology 78: 71. doi: 10.1007/s00445-016-1064-x (Bull Volcanol-Most cited paper award 2018)
8) Lloyd A., Ruprecht P., Hauri E., Rose W., Gonnermann H., Plank T. (2014) NanoSIMS results from olivine-hosted melt embayments: Magma ascent rate during explosive basaltic eruptions. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 283: 1-18, doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.06.002
7) Ruprecht P., Plank T. (2013) Feeding andesitic eruptions with a high-speed connection from the mantle. Nature 500: 68-72, doi: 10.1038/nature12342
6) Lloyd A., Plank T., Ruprecht P., Hauri E., Rose W. (2013) Volatile Loss from Melt Inclusions in Pyroclasts of Differing Sizes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 165: 129-153, doi:10.1007/s00410-012-0800-2
5) Ruprecht P., Cooper K. (2012) Integrating the Uranium-Series and Elemental Diffusion Geochronometers in Mixed Magmas from Volcán Quizapu, Central Chile. Journal of Petrology 53: 841-871, doi:10.1093/petrology/EGS001
4) Ruprecht P., Bergantz G., Cooper K., Hildreth W. (2012) The crustal magma storage system of Volcán Quizapu, Chile, and the effects of magma mixing on magma diversity. Journal of Petrology 53: 801-840, doi:10.1093/petrology/EGS002
3) Ruprecht P., Bachmann O. (2010). Pre-eruptive reheating during magma mixing at Quizapu volcano and the implications for the explosiveness of silicic arc volcanoes. Geology 38: 919-922, doi: 10.1130/G31110.1 (Erratum: Ruprecht P., Bachmann O. (2011) Geology 39: 742-742)
2) Ruprecht P., Bergantz G., Dufek J. (2008). Modeling of Gas-Driven Magmatic Overturn: Tracking of Phenocryst Dispersal and Gathering During Magma Mixing. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 9: Q07017, doi:10.1029/2008GC002022
1) Ruprecht P., Wörner G. (2007). Variable regimes in magma systems documented in plagioclase zoning patterns: El Misti stratovolcano and Andahua monogenetic cones. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 165: 142-162
Student group members; Post-doctoral group members
Other Publications and Research Products
Ruprecht P., Plank T. (2022). Dataset on major and trace element concentrations in olivine from the 1963-65 Irazú eruption, Costa Rica, Version 1.0. Interdisciplinary Earth Data Alliance (IEDA). doi: 10.26022/IEDA/112499
Longo S., Ruprecht P., Schenk J. (2022) Igneous Geology of Swales Mountain, NV. USGS-EDMAP map 1:5000.
Louie J.N., Ruprecht P. (2021). The blast, the quake, and the bomb: A guide to high-energy events in western Nevada, USA. Geological Society of America Field Guide 61
Ruprecht P., Towbin T. (2017). Olivine Phenocryst morphology with glass and mineral inclusions. Zenodo. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.6812473
Longo S., Ruprecht P., Schenk J. (2022) Igneous Geology of Swales Mountain, NV. USGS-EDMAP map 1:5000.
Louie J.N., Ruprecht P. (2021). The blast, the quake, and the bomb: A guide to high-energy events in western Nevada, USA. Geological Society of America Field Guide 61
Ruprecht P., Towbin T. (2017). Olivine Phenocryst morphology with glass and mineral inclusions. Zenodo. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.6812473
Theses
Ruprecht P. (2009). The Time and Length Scales of Magma Mixing: The Natural Laboratory of Volcán Quizapu, Chile. Ph.D. Thesis (unpubl.), University of Washington, Seattle.
Ruprecht P. (2004). Zoned Plagioclase in Lavas From El Misti Volcano (S. Peru): Implications for Changing Regimes in the Magma Chamber. Diplom Thesis (unpubl.), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany.
Wegner W., Ruprecht P. (2003). Volcanic Geology and Valley History of Rio Chili Canyon, Arequipa (Southern Peru). Diplom Mapping Thesis (unpubl.), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany.
Ruprecht P. (2001). Spurenelementvariationen in Vulkaniten der Zentralen Anden von 15°S bis 27°S – eine statistische Analyse. (Trace element variations in volcanic rocks of the central Andes between 15°S bis 27°S – a statistical analysis). B.Sc. Thesis (unpubl.), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany.
Winslow H. (2023) Pre-eruptive storage constraints of an active crystal mush using mineral-scale techniques. Ph.D. Thesis (unpubl.), University of Nevada, Reno.
Holmwood A. (2023) Temporal evolution of the Majuba Hill Cu-(Mo)-(Sn) deposit, Pershing County, Nevada. M.Sc. Thesis (unpubl.), University of Nevada, Reno.
Johnson C. (2020) The Relationship Between Eocene Magmatism and Gold Mineralization in the Great Basin, USA: Insights from the Phoenix-Fortitude Porphyry-Skarn System and Regional Intrusions Associated with Mineralization. Ph.D. Thesis (unpubl.), University of Nevada, Reno.
Winslow H. (2018) A Study of Pleistocene Volcano Manantial Pelado, Chile: Unique Access to a Long History of Primitive Magmas in the Thickened Crust of the Southern Andes. M.Sc. Thesis (unpubl.), University of Nevada, Reno.
Ruprecht P. (2004). Zoned Plagioclase in Lavas From El Misti Volcano (S. Peru): Implications for Changing Regimes in the Magma Chamber. Diplom Thesis (unpubl.), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany.
Wegner W., Ruprecht P. (2003). Volcanic Geology and Valley History of Rio Chili Canyon, Arequipa (Southern Peru). Diplom Mapping Thesis (unpubl.), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany.
Ruprecht P. (2001). Spurenelementvariationen in Vulkaniten der Zentralen Anden von 15°S bis 27°S – eine statistische Analyse. (Trace element variations in volcanic rocks of the central Andes between 15°S bis 27°S – a statistical analysis). B.Sc. Thesis (unpubl.), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany.
Winslow H. (2023) Pre-eruptive storage constraints of an active crystal mush using mineral-scale techniques. Ph.D. Thesis (unpubl.), University of Nevada, Reno.
Holmwood A. (2023) Temporal evolution of the Majuba Hill Cu-(Mo)-(Sn) deposit, Pershing County, Nevada. M.Sc. Thesis (unpubl.), University of Nevada, Reno.
Johnson C. (2020) The Relationship Between Eocene Magmatism and Gold Mineralization in the Great Basin, USA: Insights from the Phoenix-Fortitude Porphyry-Skarn System and Regional Intrusions Associated with Mineralization. Ph.D. Thesis (unpubl.), University of Nevada, Reno.
Winslow H. (2018) A Study of Pleistocene Volcano Manantial Pelado, Chile: Unique Access to a Long History of Primitive Magmas in the Thickened Crust of the Southern Andes. M.Sc. Thesis (unpubl.), University of Nevada, Reno.